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Today, in the face of complex environmental, social, and governance challenges, ESG has become a central focus for businesses. In the past, businesses often improved their ESG ratings by following the criteria of various rating agencies. However, with around 600 ESG rating agencies worldwide, each with its own standards, rating inconsistencies are common. This means that even with significant efforts in ESG, companies may still receive varying ratings.

Today, in the face of complex environmental, social, and governance challenges, ESG has become a central focus for businesses. In the past, businesses often improved their ESG ratings by following the criteria of various rating agencies. However, with around 600 ESG rating agencies worldwide, each with its own standards, rating inconsistencies are common. This means that even with significant efforts in ESG, companies may still receive varying ratings.

The academic community positively impacts ESG development by integrating government, business, and academia, sharing results with both sectors. Professor He Guojun from HHKU Jockey Club Enterprise Sustainability Global Research Institute suggests that the government can propose needs or build platforms, allowing academia to provide targeted research and solutions. Additionally, the government should offer funding and simplify administration to help transform and commercialize research outcomes, aiding companies in market competition.

Extreme weather incidents are becoming more frequent, bringing unprecedented challenges to various industries. In addition to the increasing costs of equipment maintenance and emergency measures, the enterprises’ production plans may be affected by equipment damages and supply chain interruptions. Investors are also concerned about the impact of extreme weather on businesses, resulting in fluctuations in stock prices and increased financing costs.

Extreme weather incidents are becoming more frequent, bringing unprecedented challenges to various industries. In addition to the increasing costs of equipment maintenance and emergency measures, the enterprises’ production plans may be affected by equipment damages and supply chain interruptions. Investors are also concerned about the impact of extreme weather on businesses, resulting in fluctuations in stock prices and increased financing costs.

观察近年来全球气温变化情况，相对于上世纪五、六十年代，赤道周围的温度上升幅度不大，温度上升幅度大的反而是像北极这样的高纬度地区。而这些高纬度地区长期冰雪覆盖，所以温度上升导致冰雪融化，从而导致海平面急剧上升。2017年发表在Science上的一篇文章表明，地表平均温度上升超过2度以后，超额死亡造成的社会经济成本是最主要的一部分，随着温度持续升高，死亡人数就会大幅度上升。

We conducted a nationwide field experiment in China to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of assigning firms to public or private citizen appeals when they violate pollution standards. There are three main findings. First, public appeals to the regulator through social media substantially reduce violations and pollution emissions, while private appeals cause more modest environmental improvements. Second, public appeals appear to tilt regulators' focus away from facilitating economic growth and toward avoiding pollution-induced public unrest. Third, pollution reductions by treated firms are not offset by control firms, based on randomly varying the proportion of treated firms at the prefecture level.

碳排放權交易市場（以下簡稱「碳市場」）旨在利用市場機制，控制和減少溫室氣體排放，是實現「碳達峰、碳中和」目標（以下簡稱「雙碳目標」）的重要舉措。截至2023年7月16日，中國的全國碳排放權交易市場上線運行已滿兩周年，累計交易額超過110億元人民幣，碳排放配額累計成交量達2.399億噸。

碳排放權交易市場（以下簡稱「碳市場」）旨在利用市場機制，控制和減少溫室氣體排放，是實現「碳達峰、碳中和」目標（以下簡稱「雙碳目標」）的重要舉措。截至2023年7月16日，中國的全國碳排放權交易市場上線運行已滿兩周年，累計交易額超過110億元人民幣，碳排放配額累計成交量達2.399億噸。