投資還是儲蓄?了解跨國企業處理外匯風險策略

投資還是儲蓄?了解跨國企業處理外匯風險策略

自70年代布雷頓森林制度 (Bretton Woods System)崩潰,國際外匯市場開始進入匯價浮動的新時代,匯價波幅亦因此成爲國際貿易中的主要風險之一。隨著90年代全球化加速、全球供應鏈擴張,外匯風險對跨國企業在投資、貿易、以及融資活動的影響亦與日俱增。

有鑒於學界缺乏針對外匯風險對企業投資行爲的實證研究,港大經管學院金融學助理教授王自干博士聯同來自聖路易斯華盛頓大學奧林學院 (Olin School of Business) 的Mark P. Tylor教授和浙江大學經濟學院金融學系的許奇博士,一同研究分析來自44個國家的4082家跨國企業,由1987年至2017年間的資本支出數據。

團隊定義外匯風險為(一)某經濟體的主權貨幣由固定匯率轉爲浮動匯率,以及(二)某經濟體的主權債券評級被下調。團隊發現外匯風險明顯令跨國企業減少資本支出。數據顯示,外匯風險每增加一個標準差,企業的資本開支(相對其年初總資產值)比例便會下降2.9%。研究亦顯示在開放的經濟體系(即活躍於國際貿易的經濟體)中,跨國企業因外匯風險而減少資本支出的情況更為顯著。然而企業只要積極使用外匯衍生工具,便能有效地對沖風險。

王博士以兩個並不互斥的原因解釋為何外匯風險與資本支出成反比。首先,假設跨國企業都是理性的決策者,當市場匯價波幅加劇時,他們便會意識到延遲或局部延遲投資計劃所得的實際期權收益,將會比繼續推行投資計劃的機會成本高。與此同時,跨國企業會增加他們的預防性儲蓄以維持他們的日常運作。外匯風險的水平每上升一個標準差,跨國企業便會增加他們的現金持有比例1.6%。這個現象對於受財務限制的跨國企業而言尤其顯著。另一個有趣的發現是,外匯風險對企業投資行爲的影響多在一年後才會出現,在第二年便會開始逐步逆轉,並在第三年完全消失。

此論文為少數探討外匯風險對跨國企業投資行爲影響的研究之一。現時人民幣國際化如箭在弦,加上央行數字貨幣亦在不同國家中開始試行,一連串不可預測的因素有可能會為市場帶來重大的外匯風險。故此,是次的研究發現在可預見的將來依然極具價值。

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