學術論文

We build on AGM belief revision (Alchourrón et al. (1985)) and propose a class of updating rules called pragmatic rules. Pragmatic updating applies to multiple priors and requires that the agent's posteriors be the subset of her priors under which the realized event occurs with probability 1, if such priors exist. We construct a propositional language based on qualitative probability and demonstrate the strong relation between belief updating rules and belief revision rules in this language. We show that an updating rule is consistent with AGM belief revision if and only if it is pragmatic. While maximum likelihood updating is pragmatic in general, full-Bayesian updating is not. We characterize maximum likelihood updating within the AGM framework, and show that full-Bayesian updating can be obtained by dropping one of AGM's postulates.

We introduce a learning model in which the decision maker does not know how recommendations are generated, called the contraction rule. We present behavioral postulates that characterize it. The contraction rule can be uniquely identified and reveals how the decision maker interprets and how much she trusts the recommendation. In a dynamic stationary setting, we show that the contraction rule is not dominated by completely following recommendations and is incompatible with a property called compliance with balanced recommendations. Following this negative result, we demonstrate that the contraction rule may generate and reinforce recency bias and disagreement.

Sharing economy platforms are pressed to rapidly grow user bases at the early stage by aggressively targeting potential users through competitive actions. Due to the volatile nature of the sharing economy and its disruption to industry norms, these platforms encounter legitimacy challenges that impede user base growth. This paper integrates competitive repertoire and institutional legitimacy theories to develop a research model that explains early-stage user base development in the sharing economy. We posit that the early-stage user base is associated with structural characteristics of the competitive repertoire, whose effects are moderated by a platform's socio-political legitimation efforts that address stakeholders’ regulatory and normative concerns. Using a comprehensive sample of 4644 monthly observations of 129 sharing economy platforms in China, we find that the volume of two context-specific competitive actions, offering economic incentives and staging high-visibility events, along with competitive repertoire complexity, are positively related to the platform's early-stage user base. We also identify a significant negative relationship between repertoire differentiation and user base. Direct relationships are moderated by socio-political legitimation, however, such that legitimation weakens the positive impact of context-specific action volume but enhances those of repertoire complexity and differentiation. Managerial and practical implications are discussed in light of the findings.

Many mobile applications use push notifications and reminders to explicitly educate, remind, and motivate users to perform healthy behaviors. However, users do not always act according to these explicit digital interventions. Our study investigates whether users’ self-regulation can be implicitly facilitated with a proper mobile interaction design. Specifically, we investigate the impacts of two touch modes that are supported by force-based interaction technology, that is, pressing and tapping. Drawing on the theory of embodied cognition, which suggests that people automatically infer meanings from their bodily actions, we conjecture that pressing, compared with tapping, enhances self-regulation because the action of pressing on the touchscreen embodies resolute approach motivation toward goals. We test our hypotheses in three experiments. The first experiment investigates beverage choices on a mobile app; the second experiment examines goal setting on a fitness app; and the third experiment focuses on personal hygiene learning on a mobile education app. The results from the three experiments show that pressing actions can improve users’ self-regulation in selecting a healthier but less tasty beverage (Study 1), setting higher exercise goals and performing more physical exercise (Study 2), and reducing lapses in maintaining personal hygiene (Study 3). In addition, such effects were more salient among users with a higher level of health knowledge and a promotion-focused health orientation. This study contributes to healthcare IT research by showing that mobile interaction can be leveraged to nudge users toward enhanced self-regulation.

是項研究為一個針對拉引營銷活動如何影響多元渠道企業有效地推行營銷活動的整合分析。高度靈活的拉引營銷活動，目標是令多元分銷渠道組合更具吸引力。作者透過整合以往的多元渠道分銷文獻，研究營銷活動是否有效，與拉引營銷活動及其分銷渠道結構的配置，以及客戶、競爭及產品類別的關係。是項分析結合研究樣本的企業、數據和模型屬性，發現當多元渠道企業在所有分銷渠道中使用數碼廣告和價格促銷時，營銷活動更有效。跨渠道價格歧視並不會令營銷活動更有效。此外，數碼廣告和價格促銷是否配合多元化的渠道、渠道的豐富性、客戶體驗、市場競爭力和產品消費頻率，也會對有效推行營銷活動造成影響。

儘管社交媒體讓用戶分享文章的功能有助網上報章發展，但有人認為此舉會減少讀者人數及削弱新聞議題設定，蠶食及損害報章的發展。有見說法迥異，我們必需了解於社交媒體分享新聞報導，以及在新聞網站閱讀文章的二元思維的成因。根據一份取自亞洲國家的英文報章，有關其網上新聞的讀者點擊數據資料，以及從Twitter收集的社交媒體數據，我們以文章情感作為主要的新聞內容屬性進行分析，發現情感對於讀者群及其在新聞網站和第三方社交媒體平台上的分享行為存在差別效應。研究結果顯示人們較傾向在新聞網站閱讀帶有負面情緒的文章，而在Twitter上則較傾向分享積極正面的文章。具體來說，新聞內容的情感每增加一個單位，新聞網站頁面瀏覽量便會減少 10.86%或273個單位，但Twitter的分享數量卻會增加17.0%或2.10個單位。當我們分析新聞報導的情感時，我們還發現作者的正面情感及負面新聞主題對讀者的對比影響。為了解研究結果的潛在機制，我們對以往有關自我展示文獻中提及的關鍵直覺進行測試。我們發現當Twitter用戶的關注者人數增加（即受眾規模），會令該名用戶更傾向分享帶有正面情緒的新聞文章。我們的研究結果證明新聞網站和社交媒體平台之間存在互相競爭但同時互補的關係，亦有助出版商製作更好的新聞內容和管理社交媒體，從而提升讀者的參與度和擴闊讀者群，同時保留新聞媒體設置議題的能力。

新創企業經常面對資源短缺問題，影響其生存和發展。本研究通過分析一個針對中國私營创業者的大型調查，就新創企業如何更輕易獲得外部資源提供新的見解。我們發現，在中國，相對於不信佛的创業家，信佛的创業家較注重對外活動，並更有可能獲得社會政治上的認受性，從而有較大機會獲得外部資源，例如銀行貸款。另一方面，若新創企業所在地區的政府干預較少，且市场机制發展較成熟，將減低信佛的创業家對提高社會政治認受性來獲得外部資源的依賴，其對外活動的投入力度亦有所減弱。

在資本管制下，貨幣利差交易所需的標準金融市場交易措施難以實施。我們的研究利用中國和香港政府所發表的貿易數據，顯示間接貨幣利差交易可透過往返再進口的活動進行。研究結果亦指出增加國有企業數量此等加強國家控制的舉措，並不會減少這類「貨車利差交易」。

最新的研究表明，CEO早年的個人經歷对其后来作为企业高管的決策有影响。我們的研究延伸了这一研究领域，探討了CEO在職業生涯前对宗教信仰的接觸如何影響其公司的風險承擔及創新表现。借鑒發展心理學和烙印理論相關的研究，我們認為那些曾就讀有宗教背景學校的CEO更有可能有风险規避思维和心态。這種思維和心态會延續到他们的高管职业生涯，导致公司采取避险行为，降低企业創新水平。通过使用美國上市公司的大批樣本，我們的假设得強大支持：我们发现曾就讀有宗教背景學校的的行政總裁所管理的公司往往采取比较保守的企业创新决定；当公司董事会成员的职业前宗教接触更多时，這種效应更為強烈。此外，公司风险承担行为有助減輕CEO職前的宗教接触与公司创新之间的负相关关系。我们讨论了本研究对戰略領導文獻、公司風險承擔和創新研究等方面帶來的啟示。