本文研究資本品進口和中間品進口對促進企業生產率增長的不同效果,並量化分析關稅結構對發展中國家貿易自由化的重要性。團隊經過審視大量中國製造企業的數據,證明相比中間品進口,資本品進口能更大的提升企業生產率。雖然兩類進口都能即時提高進口企業的生產率,但唯獨資本品進口能產生動態生產力效應。另一方面,我們發現資本品進口和研究開發有顯著的協同效應和誘導效應:資本品進口不僅能和研究開發協同產生更大的生產率效應,而且更能誘導更多的研究開發。但未有證據證明中間品進口也能產生類似效果。團隊還研究了中國因加入世界貿易組織而下調投入品進口關稅對企業生產率的影響。我們發現,由此帶來的生產率效應中,18%可以歸結為關稅結構的改變。
September 2021
Journal of Development Economics
研究顯示中國地方政府在能夠識別債權人的情況下,會選擇性地拖欠債務。本文透過分析地方政府債務全面的數據,發現地方政府會選擇拖欠政治權力較弱的銀行的債務。若一間銀行相對於其他銀行的政治權力減弱,會增加地方政府選擇拖欠其債務的機率。這類選擇性債務拖欠取決於銀行對政客職位晉升的影響力。當這些地方政客職位較高,或與國家領導人有聯繫時,因為拖欠銀行貸款對他們的晉升機會影響較小,故他們也會較少選擇性地拖欠個別銀行的債務。研究結果發現政治與金融兩者的關係有助約束政府拖欠債務的情況。
September 2021
Journal of Financial Economics
In our target‐initiated theory of takeovers, a target approaches potential acquirers that privately know their standalone values and merger synergies, where higher synergy acquirers tend to have larger standalone values. Despite their information disadvantage, targets can extract all surplus when synergies and standalone values are concavely related by offering payment choices that are combinations of cash and equity. Targets exploit the reluctance of high‐valuation acquirers to cede equity claims, inducing them to bid more cash. When synergies and standalone values are not concavely related, sellers can gain by combining cash with securities that are more information‐sensitive than equities.
August 2021
The Journal of Finance
A common problem in econometrics, statistics, and machine learning is to estimate and make inference on functions that satisfy shape restrictions. For example, distribution functions are nondecreasing and range between zero and one, height growth charts are nondecreasing in age, and production functions are nondecreasing and quasi-concave in input quantities. We propose a method to enforce these restrictions ex post on generic unconstrained point and interval estimates of the target function by applying functional operators. The interval estimates could be either frequentist confidence bands or Bayesian credible regions. If an operator has reshaping, invariance, order-preserving, and distance-reducing properties, the shape-enforced point estimates are closer to the target function than the original point estimates and the shape-enforced interval estimates have greater coverage and shorter length than the original interval estimates. We show that these properties hold for six different operators that cover commonly used shape restrictions in practice: range, convexity, monotonicity, monotone convexity, quasi-convexity, and monotone quasi-convexity, with the latter two restrictions being of paramount importance. The main attractive property of the post-processing approach is that it works in conjunction with any generic initial point or interval estimate, obtained using any of parametric, semi-parametric or nonparametric learning methods, including recent methods that are able to exploit either smoothness, sparsity, or other forms of structured parsimony of target functions. The post-processed point and interval estimates automatically inherit and provably improve these properties in finite samples, while also enforcing qualitative shape restrictions brought by scientific reasoning. We illustrate the results with two empirical applications to the estimation of a height growth chart for infants in India and a production function for chemical firms in China.
1 Aug 2021
Journal of Machine Learning Research
我們研究美國散戶投資者如何通过社交傳播財經新聞和投资意見。我們首先找出一系列会导致某些投资者进行异常交易的外生事件。基于这些事件,我們追踪投资者的交易行为,尤其是被这些事件影響投資者的鄰居。这样样本选择有利于我们研究投资行为在左鄰右舍之間的「傳染性」。結合流行病學的方法,此研究的情景設置讓我們可以估算傳訊速率,以及它如何隨著潛在投資者群體的特徵而變化。
August 2021
Journal of Financial Economics
研究團隊收集來自 61 個經濟體,合共超過6700間公司的數據,評估企業特質與股票收益表現,以及新冠疫情個案之間的關聯性。研究發現,儘管新冠疫情導致股票收益減少,但某些企業錄得的跌幅較為輕微,而這些企業具有以下特質:在 2020 年前公司的財務狀況較好(如擁有較多現金和未提取的信貸額、較少的總債務和短期債務,以及維持較高的利潤水準)、全球供應鏈和客戶地點受新冠疫情影響較小,積極推動企業社會責任的活動,以及較少地位穩固的高管人員。此外,家族企業(尤其是家族直接控股和僱傭職業經理人的家族企業)、大企業或政府控制的企業的股票回報表現較佳,而由對沖基金和其他資產管理公司大量投資的公司則表現遜色。在疫情期間,股票市場給予擁有較低管理層所有權的企業正面評價,卻給予擁有較高管理層所有權的企業負面評價。
August 2021
Journal of Financial Economics
The telegraph was introduced to China in the late 19th century, a time when China also saw the rise of modern banks. Based on this historical context, this paper documents the importance of information technology in banking development. We construct a data set on the distributions of telegraph stations and banks across 287 prefectures between 1881 and 1936. The results show that the telegraph significantly expanded banks’ branch networks in terms of both number and geographic scope. The effect of the telegraph remains robust when we instrument it using proximity to the early military telegraph trunk.
August 2021
Journal of Financial Economics
員工可能會透過減少某些工作,暗中學習哪些工作較為重要,並以這些資料來更有效地於未來減少工作。利用長期僱傭關係的模型,我們歸納了在員工學習減少工作的情況下,制定最佳契約的特徵,並分析如何透過管理表現衡量系統,以激發僱員工作動力。我們研究了兩項相關政策:間歇性替換現有措施以及採用新措施。儘管出現學習減少工作的情況,但最佳契約是不變的,並且可能涉及隨機替換/採用的策略,以令員工難以掌握學懂鑽制度空子的資訊。
1 Jul 2021
The Review of Economic Studies